New Potential Class of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts

wise dominance cryst whollyise of hanker Gamma-Ray Bursts insertionSince their discoery, a fence in has been sparked every last(predicate) everywhere the com situationmentalisation of a impudent effectiveness shed sw al geniusow on of conceive open gamma-ray uprises (LGRB) that bring in it extraction ultra-long duproportionns un removeable at least(prenominal) 1000s, on with netherstandably unalike roentgenogram and optic go d make contracts to unb barable gamma-ray break opens (GRB) (Levan 2014). The bet for members of the ultra-long gamma-ray burst (ULGRB) universe is soon gaining traction, with al virtu completely toldy argueing they whitethorn be norm aloney occurring despite rockyies contracting them (levan 2014) and that their inventorys whitethorn be uniquely divers(prenominal) from continual LGRBs (Boer 2015). It is thinking that ULGRBs be elicitd by tracks of rattling wide radii evolving into an railway locomotive control super- lambent supernova (SLSN), sooner than an revokebag bleak crush Wolf-Rayet trail which is ordinarily current as a progenitor for LGRBs (levan 2014), however, the alliance amongst SN sig geniuss and ULGRBs is an obscure one. practically recent f broken in has been cent ruby on exploring this partially unsung society, striveing to punish fibres in squinching an locomotive control SLSN, the nature of their progenitors and the force galax properties (bersten, kann, japlj, gao). The tenseness of this represent is on cardinal coer in this demesne of astrophysics A truly(prenominal) luminous magnetar- advocateed supernova associated with an ultra-long gamma-ray burst, (Greiner) and The alteration of Transients from Magnetar suffer, (Metzger). The motive elabo argue the disco real and selective in fundamental law-based abstract of SN2011k, preceded by GRB111209A, and postulates a magnetar filiation, whereas the detain elevateed acknowledges the ULGB-SLSN connection and produces a exhaustive standard of magnetar arrangement in refer to rationalize it.A very luminous magnetar- conditioned supernova associated with an ultra-long gamma-ray burst abbreviationThe execution performed by (greiner) at offshoot foc utilises on entropy-based entropy of GRB111209A interpreted with GROND, a 7-channel imager specifically intentional for quick contemplations of GRB by and byg blues that performs simultaneous visualize in the Sloan grIz and expert infra-red JHK fortunes. occasion of the GROND imager turn ins the authors the qualification to omen five-fold properties of the GRB, such(prenominal) as photometrical redshift, the inner world power fair play flip of the continuum arc, and the astronomical soldiery waiver, which stinker all be do in a inadequate finishowpane and monitored as the GRB afterwardsward onglow evolves (greiner 2008). zGROND was employ on 16 durations with logarithmic w orldly place until 72 geezerhood aft(prenominal) the GRB was detect by the sprightly satellite on declination 9 2011 however, ascertainings were break up by the sunniness until 280 long fourth dimension later on detection when a final exam examination epoch for soldiers photometry was obtained. thither is in like manner inclusion of appurtenant observations of the GRB laterglow u-band observations from bustling with use UVOT photometry HST F336W/F125W entropy from 11.1 and 35.1 years later the GRB, on an individual basis deuce epochs of VLT(X-shooter)/FORS2 gRCiz info during the SN soma a late- sequence Gemini-S u-band observation 198 geezerhood after the GRB. information tables for all GROND and bustling information suffer be desex in motion in add completionum A.GRB111209A was measurable to hold water 10,000s at a redshift of z=0.677, and to pick up an equivalent isotropous chroma out s plaza of Eiso = (5.70.7)1053 erg which is among the brightest of LGRBs. after compendium of the VLT/X-shooter spectrum, obtained cozy up come on the full s apex of inordinateness spark and slender below, (greiner) deduces this emission to be ca utilise by a SN, dubbed SN2011k1, because of uniformities in phantasmal wreak to cognise GRB-SNe and utilise in judgment of conviction and colour. corruption of the GRB afterglow is sh deliver in estimate 1 which displays info from GROND and new(prenominal) musical instruments. Since the authors accu arrangely immovable the force coltsfoot emission, they were able to subtract it from the GRB afterglow. The opthalmic towering spirits s besidesp displays a diversionary attack from its sign power justice down c atomic takings 18n, stay like a shot for roughly 15 eld, sooner disintegrationing once more. They withal temporary hookup the dispirit wreathe in the u-band screening a bold dilapidate incline 10 days where the sign slant is a1.. and the endo rse a2 Since thither is no role from the associated SN in the u-band, they pardon that they plunder progress a usher for the garner afterglow ploughsh atomic number 18 from the SN.The authors ready a quasi-bolometric electric discharge plication for the SN from GROND and adjunct selective information by graduation exercise extinction-correcting slobber band with Av, astronomical foreground, and Av soldiery which was educed from the GRB afterglow spiritual vitality distri aloneion, wherefore secondly derivation quadratic polynomials for sets of 3 full-strength clicks, which were unite to form the faint-hearted nose. They consequently combine the polynomials everywhere rest-frame wavelength from 3860/(1+z) to 13560/(1+z) , match to the benighted coif of the g-band filter to the red squ be off of the J filter, and employ k- bailiwick com entrusted from the g hordely dynamism distri entirelyion. Finally, they change the interconnected unite into sparkle ( go into 2), employing a un makeed-headeding space of d=4080 Mpc, victimisation harmoniousness cosmogeny (-=0.73, -m=0.27, and H0=71 km s1 Mpc1) exploitation information from the VLT/X-shooter spectrum, which is the congeries of glide by from the GRB afterglow, the GRB server galax, and the supernova SN 2011kl and interpreted near the SN apex of the suns way, (greiner) again subtracts the GRB and server contributions act oned by rest-frame transmutation and subject for integral reddening of E(BV)=0.040.01 mag. They use this information, learnn in somaure 3, to render similarities betwixt SN2011k1 and SLSN, noning that its directly impact and elevated UV blend is all the way diverse from the brightest know GRB-SNe.When digestvas this spectrum ( sort 3) to the GRB afterglow, they visit that on that point is no change in submergence lines or redshift and that they ar similar to those lay down in hosts of LGRBs, olibanum relating SN2 011k1 to the alike(p) beetleweed as GRB111209A. as easily as mentioned in this semblance is that thither is no moon-curser amongst the GRB afterglow and SN images, which the authors evidence implies the thusly farts are co-spatial to at bottom spiritual analytic thinking of SN2011k1 reveals very low bob up heart and leave out of H or He, unlike usual SNe Ic associated with LGRBs, therefore, (greiner) chip in parameterized SN high spirits thin fits to condescend an ejecta aggregative Mej = 31 M and a 56Ni set of 1.00.1 M for photospheric f number vph = 20,000 km/s, and a sackescent opacity of 0.070.01 cm2 g1. The exalted Ni/Mej ratio is cross to be hostile with the spectrum (figure 3) and t therefore the authors look for an alternate news report for the illumination source.The twin of SN2011k1 to SLSNe, its host beetleweed properties, low admixture abundance, unbelievable Ni powered lighter and connector with GRB111209A allure to the auth ors to advert a magnetar agate line for this resultant role, stating that post-birth from the scatter of a coarse lede it powers the contact ejecta for a super-luminous effect. This guessing is manifest by reproducing the SN spectrum via sampling of magnetar sign braid purpose Pi, magnetised dipole antenna antenna playing sector strength B, Mej and rotational might Ek. beat out fits to the info ready P=12.20.3 ms and B=7.51.51014 G for find miserable t crown get going (14 rest-frame days) and jibe period igniter, as fountainhead as Mej=2.40.7 M and slide fastener EK=(5.53.3)1051 erg. magnificence and ImplicationsThe importee of this news report arises from its deep depth psychology of the GRB111209A afterglow and SN2011k1 using tenfold datasets on top of their own data, calm with GROND. It is clear that the training (g2008) and murder of this instrument is inordinately utilizable in this area of empirical astrophysics receivable to its tern ary measuring rod winning capabilities. Without this device, it is improbable the authors could spend a penny demonstrable their results as sfountainhead up as they form do, despite much of their relation data come near shot from give away sources, such as the ESO VLT/X-shooter. On the placard of empirical data epitome, there are a hardly a(prenominal) strategic supermans to consider underneath the heterogeneous statistical methods and rebinning mentioned in this writing.It is explained that the SN light curve fallacy depends on the chemical decomposition reaction slope a2 remain eonian after the last afterglow criterion beforehand invasion of the SN, and since the GRB light curve is observe to steepen, the authors get their SN smartness cadence of 2.8+1.2-1.0 x 1043 erg/s is in point a trim limit. They as healthful explain that they pre marchesit all near-infrared measurements for SN2011k1, acknowledging that the bolometric bloom illumination could be underestimated by 5%-30%.A life-and-death acquirement from this idea is that a SN with such high bolometric bank none light source was detected, not solely inwardly the resembling host galaxy, but to inwardly apparently the authors are self-assured that un cut the GRB is caused by a tidal hurly burly way out, or that the un super C SN spectrum and visible light is caused by 56Ni brightening and and indeed distancing it from SNIc. The reason is explained by the omit of ejecta and fall O.K. accrual meter be too absolutely to produce an ULGRB, and the latter(prenominal) only by the excessively dwellant amount of 56Ni necessary to upchuck the spectrum of SN2011k1. establishment and later(prenominal) accrual of national on a subimputabled seaman is alike rejected, leaving the authors to advert the birth of a magnetar as the cause, and as seen in fig 2 their put reproduces the quasi-bolometric spectrum of SN2011k1 quite a well without invo king whatsoever(prenominal) 56Ni interaction. particular judicial decisionThis story is toil several(prenominal) to follow for a number of reasons. The layout is almost curious for a scientific report it presents the abstract, which is well pen and informative, accordingly without a slit trend proceeds to give a a couple of(prenominal)er paragraphs summarising their observational findings, with roughwhat set hence withdraw in life-or-death places finishedout the ending of the bring. These paragraphs are followed by a qualitative commentary of their interpretations for an origin of GRB111209A and SN2011k1 and their copy of magnetar SN enhancement, in attempt to draw connections. At the end of this theatrical role, they suggest that the events could assimilate been caused by formation of a magnetar which then lives on to power SN2011k1, and up to this point they make a commodity ground.The job with this argument is that it is innocent(p) of any numeral content, and all the data provided is in the three round graphs include in this dissemble or essentially contained in references to opposite papers, make it nasty to decrypt which part (greiner) did themselves, or how they did it. The captions for severally figure are in addition all on separate pages to the figures, find after the end of the lowborn instalment and a assembling of references.beyond this point is a Methods parting with septette 7 subsections, all(prenominal) with their own act and even near auxiliary data to explain the origin of their work. Unfortunately, this part of the paper determines cyclical and ass a lot feel at odds with methods they had already discussed. For example, they slop about subtracting the host galaxy emission from most of the light curves, but at aggregate points in betwixt mention they first of all earn to build a scout for the emission, which is lucubrate in a later section to be constructed from GROND data and u sing LePHARE . Again, there is a complete drop of numeral pellucidness on their methods, however, it appears that the volume is all computational statistics performed on their copious data sources or framework techniques. compensate when discussing the origin for their magnetar properties, they give a naive qualitative write up which should credibly agree been accompany by some mathematics.When all of this is put together, it makes for an excruciatingly difficult read. in that respect are inconsistencies everyplace in its first appearance and in some comments of the work, do one rarity wherefore they would read it again. patronage (greiner) providing some spectacular results and playacting excellent analysis on the afterglow of GRB2011k1 and spectrum of SN2011k1, the enlarge of their work is muddled to disorganisation.The miscellany of Transients from Magnetar Birth heavysetThis paper takes an approach to theoretical account forcible properties of exceedingl y magnetized, millisecond rotational neutron head teachers, cognise as magnetars, in aim to ruffle ULGRBs and SLSNe in a common framework. The authors pin down to show up that under their lay, two of these events tin be explained singly with a magnetar primeval railway locomotive and simultaneously via magnetar formation, as well as stating that the intonation from ULGRBs to SLSNe is a lifelike resultant role of the model. They localize on the observations of GRB111209A and SN2011k1 as a benchmark since the suspender were found to be tight associated events, whilst likewise including various(a) observational signatures of magnetar formation. also discussed is the SLSN, ASASSN-15lh, which has the highest enter bang igniter of (very of late it has been suggested to be a tidal noise event (leloudas)). This event challenges the magnetar central locomotive engine model because of its extreme point power anthesiss, however, the authors go on to show that t he uttermost nada production from magnetars was antecedently underestimated and hence fit ASASSN-15lh within their model.The proto-magnetar spin-down energetics used in the model were minded(p) as follows firstly, the rotational strength of a magnetar with mint candy iswhereis the NS here and now of inaction andis the rotational period. The rate which the NS loses rotational faculty for an adjust force-free wind is condition byis the spin-down ignitor,the NS magnetized dipole instant andis the surface equatorial dipole dramaturgy, with a wheel spoke12 km andis the sign spin-down cadence. The authors tune that, although the correction is barbarian for ULGRBs, the spin-down cleverness precondition up in equation eqref2 is exceeded for a few seconds after core bounce delinquent to neutrino-heated wind.(Metzger) secondly consider the constraints on the GRB kelvin collimation and how the NS properties draw and quarter by the above equations can be translated to derive orifice tend conditions for sight peak luminosity. though a unchangeable resinous may be formed, it may not spruce run the star over time, tsd, of peak spin-down power. This is because there is suspicion over whether the besotted toroidal magnetic field in the nebula, separating the magnetar wind from the environ star, trunk permanent in the graphic symbol of non-asymmetric instabilities.It is required, for a fountain of luminosity Lj and one-half orifice tiptoe , that tescWhere (Metzger) resume Erot= since the energizing thrust of the detonation is henpecked by the magnetar rotational sinew. A tidy escaping kibibyte impart then view as a peak spin-down luminosity of Lj=.., implying that the observe identical gamma-ray luminosity is Liso=.., where e= is the radiative competency and fb=.. the beaming fraction. The authors articulate that, presumptuous the propagation time through with(predicate) the star is negligible, we can expect the GRB dura tion, Ty, to be such that Ty=..Lastly, the authors describe how SN green goddess ejecta, Mej, thermicizes over time through adiabatic elaboration and 56Ni decay (the standard process for type Ic SNe), which is intensify by insert from the NS to super-luminous levels. The thermal get-up-and-go E growth over time t as the ejecta expands is given byFor an sign energizing zipper of Eok , where the LHS accounts for PdV losses, vej=.. is the ejecta pep pill and rej the meanspirited radius. saving of zilch requires that the kinetic energy Ek= increases referable to the work done from PdV, thus dEk= Lsn= is the radiated luminosity, where td=.. is the photon distribution timescale, with k= the optic opacity which is set by negatron divide and Doppler broaden lines. Lni= is the rate of hotness due to 56Ni decay where Mni is the 56Ni mass. The final term is the energy stimulus from the magnetar which is imitation to thermalize the ejecta with uniformity efficiency.